SPIRULINA SCIENTIFIC REFERENCE LIBRARY

Over 100 references covering 45 years of international research.
(This library is solely for education. It is not intended as medical advice or as a guide for self-treatment.
Consult a qualified health care practitioner for diagnosis or treatment of any disease or medical condition.)

Click on the health category below to view scientific abstracts or summary and to download papers.


REFERENCES AND ABSTRACTS BY HEALTH CATEGORY


ANTI-AGING AND NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS

  • Spirulina Protects against Hepatic Inflammation in Aging: An Effect Related to the Modulation of the Gut Microbiota? by Audrey M. Neyrinck et al. Pub. in Nutrients Jun 2017. Belgium.
  • Spirulina, Aging, and Neurobiology. by Jennifer Vila et al. Pub. in Spirulina in Human Nutrition and Health ed. by Belay, Amha and Gershwin M.E. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL. 2008. p 277. USA.
  • Diets Enriched in Foods with High Antioxidant Activity Reverse Age-Induced Decreases in Cerebellar -Adrenergic Function and Increases in Proinflammatory Cytokines. by Carmelina Gemma et al. Pub. in he Journal of Neuroscience, July 15, 2002, 22(14):6114–6120. USA.

ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY

  • Effect of high-dose Spirulina supplementation on hospitalized adults with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. by Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi et al. Pub. in Frontiers in Immunology. (2024) 08 April 2024. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332425.
  • Evaluation of Microalgae Antiviral Activity and Their Bioactive Compounds by Dora Allegra Carbone et al.Pub. in Antibiotics 2021, 10, 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060746. 2021. Italy.
  • Could microalgae-derived antiviral compounds combat SARS CoV-2 and other viruses? by Liji Thomas, MD. 2021. India.
  • Natural Product Therapeutics and COVID-19: The Case for Clinical Development of Spirulina Extracts. by Erik Reynolds MS and Leonard Lerer MBChB MBA. pub in AlgaeSciences.com. May 2020. USA.
  • Spirulina Potential Implications for Covid-19 Related Cytokine Storm Therapy by Azaf Tzachor et al. pub in Marine Biotechnology (2021) 23:149–155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-021-10020-z. Feb 2021. Israel.
  • Spirulina Extract Enhances T-Cell Responses Targeting Spike Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Potential Drug Candidate for Treatment of COVID 19. by P. Peter. Beside Arts College. Pub. in American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences 12 (1): 08-13, 2020. India.
  • The Effect of Arthrospira platensis Capsules on CD4 T-Cells and Antioxidative Capacity in a Randomized Pilot Study of Adult Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Not under HAART in Yaoundé, Cameroon. by Frank Stephane Winter et al. Pub. in JNutrients 2014, 6, 2973-2986; Cameroon.
  • Antiviral Properties of Cyanobacterium, Spirulina Platensis- a review. by Ranjani Ramakrishnan, Sri Venkateswara University, Andhra Pradesh, India. Pub. in International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2321-0095 Vol. 3, Issue 5, Dec 2013, 1-10. India.
  • Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of spirulina platensis (arthrospira platensis). by Ayehunie S., Belay A. et al. Pub. in Journal of Acquired Immune deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 18:7-12. 1998. USA.
  • Calcium Spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina. by Hayashi et al. 1996. Pub. in Journal of Natural Products, 59, 83-87. Japan.
  • An extract from spirulina is a selective inhibitor of herpes simples virus Type 1. by Hayashi et al. 3. Japan.
    Antiviral activity of blue-green algae cultures. by Patterson. Pub. in Journal of Phycology 29, 125-130. USA.
  • AIDS Antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). by K. Gustafson, et al. 1989. Pub. in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, August 16, 1989, pg 1254. USA.

ANTI-CANCER STUDIES

  • Anti-Cancer Properties of Blue Green Algae Spirulina. by Ranjani Ramakrishnan. Sri Venkateswara University, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJMPS) ISSN 2250-0049 Vol. 3, Issue 4, Oct 2013, 159-168. India.
  • Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with spirulina. by Babu, M. et al. 1995. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, Vol. 24, No. 2, 197-202. India.
  • Inhibitive effect and mechanism of polysaccharide of spirulina on transplanted tumor cells in mice. by Lisheng, et al. 1991. Pub. in Marine Sciences, Qingdao, N.5. pp 33-38. China.
  • Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. by Qishen, P. et al. 1988. Pub. in Chinese Genetics Journal, 15 (5) 374-381. China.
  • Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. by Schwartz, et al. 1986. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Carcinogenesis, May 1986 7(5) 711-715. USA.
  • Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of spirulina-dunaliella algae. by J. Schwartz, G. Shklar, et al. 1988. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, 11, 127-134. 1988. USA.

ANTI-OXIDANT PROTECTION

  • A Review on Antioxidant Properties of Spirulina by Asieh Asghari. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports Volume 3, Issue 1, Winter 2016; 345-351. Iran.
  • Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina. by Ruitang Deng & Te-Jin Chow. 1988. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Cardiovascular Therapeutics 28 (2010) e33–e45. 2010. USA, Taiwan.
  • Effects of Spirulina platensis microalgae on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors in diabetic rats. by Fariba Nasirian et al. Pub. in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 24.7.79.60. Aug 2018. Iran.

BETA CAROTENE AND CANCER PREVENTION

  • Bioavailability of spirulina carotenes in preschool children. by V. Annapurna, et al. 1991. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India. J. Clin. Biochem Nutrition. 10 145-151. India.
  • Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India.
  • Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. by Schwartz, et al. 1986. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Carcinogenesis, May 1986 7(5) 711-715. USA.
  • Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of spirulina-dunaliella algae. by J. Schwartz, G. Shklar, et al. 1988. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, 11, 127-134. 1988. USA.

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND CHOLESTEROL REDUCTION

  • Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina. by Ruitang Deng & Te-Jin Chow. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Cardiovascular Therapeutics 28 (2010) e33–e45. 2010. USA, Taiwan.
  • Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina in an open sample of Mexican population. by Patricia V Torres-Duran, et al. Pub. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2007, 6:33 doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-33. Mexico.
  • Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1988. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int’l, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1329-1337. Japan.
  • Clinical and biochemical evaluations of spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. by E.W. Becker, et al. 1986. Inst. Chem. Pfanz. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int’l, Vol. 33, No. 4, pg 565. Germany.
  • Effects of spirulina on hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in rats. by T. Kato and K. Takemoto. 1984. Saitama Medical College. Pub. in Japan Nutr. Foods Assoc. Journal. 37:323. Japan.
  • Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. by K. Iwata. 1990. Pub. in Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 36:165-171. Japan.
  • Hypocholesterolemic effect of blue-green algae spirulina spirulina in albino rats. by M.A. Devi and L.V. Venkataraman. 1983. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int’l, 28:519-530. India.
  • The effect of spirulina on reduction of serum cholesterol. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1986. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Progress in Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 11. Japan.

DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION REDUCTION

  • Effects of Spirulina platensis microalgae on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors in diabetic rats. by Fariba Nasirian et al. Pub. in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 24.7.79.60. Aug 2018. Iran.
  • Effect of water soluble and water insoluble fractions of spirulina over serum lipids and glucose resistance of rats. by Y. Takai, et al. 1991. Pub. in J. Japan Soc. Nutr. Food Science, 44:273-277. Japan.
  • Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. by K. Iwata, et al. 1990. Pub. in Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol, 36:165-171. Japan.

FOOD AND NUTRITION

  • Spirulina (Arthrospira): An Edible Microorganism. by Martha Sanchez et al. Universitas Scientarium Pontifica Universidad Javeriana. Vol 8,N1; 7:24. 2003. Colombia.
  • Spirulina – Production & Potential. by Ripley D. Fox. 1996. Pub. by Editions Edisud, La Calade, R.N.7, 13090 Aix-en-Province, France.
  • Algoculture: Spirulina, hope for a hungry world. by Ripley D. Fox. 1986. Pub. by Edisud, Aix-en-Province, France (in French).
  • Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay, Yoshimichi Ota, Kazuyuki Miyakawa and Hidenori Shimamatsu. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Applied Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.
  • Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India.
  • Microalgae as Food and Supplement. by Robert A. Kay. 1991. In Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutr. 30(6):555-573. Pub. by CRC Press. USA.
  • Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. by Alan Jassby. 1988. In Algae and Human Affairs. edited by Lembi and Waaland. Pub. by Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Spirulina, the edible organism. by Orio Ciferri. 1983. In Microbiological Reviews.Dec 1983. 551-578. Italy.

HEALTH BENEFIT REVIEW ARTICLES

  • Review for uses and therapeutic effects of spirulina. by Mansoreh Ghaen et al. Pub. in Global Journal on Advances in Pure & Applied Sciences Vol 4 (2014) 365-371. 2014. Turkey.
  • Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Spirulina. by Zakir Khan et al. Pub. in Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2005, 6, 373-379. India.
  • Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay, Yoshimichi Ota, Kazuyuki Miyakawa and Hidenori Shimamatsu. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Applied Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.
  • Health Benefits of Spirulina. by Denise Fox. 1993. In Spirulina, Algae of Life. April 1993. Bulletin No. 12. Pub. by Institute Oceanographique, Monaco.

IMMUNOMODULATION AND HEMATOPOIESIS

  • An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract. by Artur Juszkiewicz et al. pub in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2018) 15:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0213-3. Poland.
  • Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. by Zhang Cheng-Wu, et al.. April 1994. Nanjing Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. p.58. China.
  • Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary spirulina. by Hayashi, et al. June 1994. Kagawa Nutrition Univ. Japan. Pub. in Journal of Nutr. Science and Vitaminology. Japan.
  • Phagocytic potential of feline macrophages after exposure to a water soluble extract of spirulina in vitro. by M. Qureshi, et al. January 1996. Pub. in Immunopharmacology. in press. USA.
  • Spirulina extracts enhances chicken macrophage functions after in vitro exposure. by M. Qureshi, et al. 1995. Pub. in Jour. Nutritional Immunology, No. 3 (4) 35-45. USA.
  • Immune enhancement potential of spirulina in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. August 1994. Assoc. Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State, NC. Pub. in Journal of Poultry Science Vol 73, S.1. p. 46. USA.
  • Immunomodulary effects of spirulina supplementation in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. May 1995. North Carolina State. Pub. in Proc. of 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp 117-120. USA.
  • Immunostimulating activity of lipopolysaccharides from blue-green algae. by L. Besednova, et al. 1979. Pub. in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, Immunobiologii, 56(12) pp 75-79. Russia.
  • Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.
  • Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.
  • Study on effect and mechanism of polysaccharides of spirulina on body immune function improvement. by G. Baojiang, et al. April 1994. South China Normal Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. pp 33-38. China.
  • Immune response activation in channel catfish ictaluras punctatus fed spirulina enriched artemia. by B. Portoni et al. 1996. American Fisheries Society Fish Health Section. USA.

IRON BIOAVAILABILITY AND PREVENTION OF ANEMIA

  • Availability of iron to rats from spirulina, a blue-green algae. by P. Johnson and E. Shubert. 1986. Pub. in Nutrition Research Vol 6, 85-94. USA.
  • Influence of extensive training on the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level and its correction. by Z. Trojacanec et al. 1998. Skopje, Macedonia. Pub in XXIV FIMS World Congress of Sports Medicine, June 1998.
  • Clinical experiences of administration of spirulina to patients with hypochronic anemia. by T. Takeuchi, et al. 1978. Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ. Japan.
  • Iron transfer from spirulina to blood in rats. by K. Takemoto, et al. 1982. Saitama Medical College. Japan.

KIDNEY AND LIVER DETOXIFICATION FROM HEAVY METALS AND DRUGS

  • The Potential Protective Effect of Spirulina platensis against Mycotoxin Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver damage in Rats. by JHussein S.A. et al. Pub. in Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2: 375-383, 2018. Egypt.
  • Protective effects of Spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney. by JC Ponce-Canchihuaman, et al. Pub. in Lipids in Health and Disease 9:35 2010. Mexico.
  • Effect of chlorella, spirulina and chlorophyllin on fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. by K. Morita, et al. Pub. in Japan Journal Toxicology Environ. Health. 43 (1) 42-47 1997. Japan.
  • Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. by H. Fukino, et al. 1990. Pub. in Eisei Kagaku, 36:5, 1990. Japan.
  • The effect of spirulina on nephrotoxicity in rats. by Y. Yamane, et al. 1988. Chiba Univ. Presented at Annual Symposium of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, April 15, 1988. Japan.

LACTOBACILLUS IMPROVEMENT

  • Effects of spirulina on caecum content in rats. by Y. Tokai, et al. 1987. Chiba Hygiene College Bulletin. Feb. 1987 Vol. 5, No. 2. Japan.

MALNUTRITION RECOVERY

  • Potential of Spirulina Platensis as a Nutritional Supplement in Malnourished HIV-Infected Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa. by M. Azabji-Kenfack et al. 1996. Pub. by Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 2011:4. Cameroon.
  • Spirulina – Production & Potential. by Ripley D. Fox. 1996. Pub. by Editions Edisud, La Calade, R.N.7, 13090 Aix-en-Province, France.
  • Algoculture: Spirulina, hope for a hungry world. by Ripley D. Fox. 1986. Pub. by Edisud, Aix-en-Province, France (in French).
  • Clinical experimentation with spirulina. by R. Ramos Galvan. 1973. National Institute of Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico (in Spanish).
  • Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay and Yoshimichi Ota. 1993. In Journal of Appl. Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.
  • Effectiveness of spirulina algae as food for children with protein-energy malnutrition in a tropical environment. by P. Bucaille. 1990. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Oct. 1990. Zaire. (in French).
  • Food value of spirulina in humans. by C. Sautier and J. Tremolieres. 1976. Pub. in Ann. Nutrition Alim., 30:517-534. France (in French).
  • Health Benefits of Spirulina. by Denise Fox. 1993. In Spirulina, Algae of Life. April 1993. Bulletin No. 12. Pub. by Institute Oceanographique, Monaco.
  • Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India.
  • Observations on the utilization of spirulina as an adjuvant nutritive factor in treating some diseases accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. by V. Fica, et al. 1984. Clinica II Medicala, Spitalui Clinic, Bucuresti. Med. Interna 36 (3). Romania. (in Romanian).
  • Spirulina in Jiangxi China. by Miao Jian Ren. 1987. Academy of Agricultural Science. Presented at Soc. Appl. Algology, Lille France Sep. 1987. China.
  • The study on curative effect of zinc containing spirulina for zinc deficient children. by Wen Yonghuang, et al. 1994. Capital Medical College, Beijing. Presented at 5th Int’l Phycological Congress, Qingdao, June 1994. China.

PHYCOCYANIN AND IMMUNE IMPROVEMENT

  • Current Status of Pharmacological Potentials of Phycocyanin. by Apurva Gupta et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086. 2016. India.
  • Purified C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (Nordstedt) Geitler: a novel and potent agent against drug resistant bacteria. by Dronamraju V. L. Sarada et al. University of Madras. World J Microbiol Biotechnol (2011) 27:779–783 DOI 10.1007/s11274-010-0516-2. 2011. India.
  • Clinical Potential of Spirulina as a Source of Phycocyanobilin. by Mike F. McCarty. NutriGuard Research, Encinitas, California. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL FOOD J Med Food 10 (4) 2007, 566–570 USA.
  • Antitumoral agents containing phycobilin- also used to treat ulcers and hemorrhoidal bleeding. by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals and Tokyo Kenkyukai. 1983. Patent 58065216 A 830418. Japan.
  • Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. by H. Fukino, et al. 1990. Pub. in Eisei Kagaku, 36:5, 1990. Japan.
  • Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. by Zhang Cheng-Wu, et al.. April 1994. Nanjing Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. China.

POLYSACCHARIDES AND IMMUNE IMPROVEMENT

  • Evaluation of Microalgae Antiviral Activity and Their Bioactive Compounds by Dora Allegra Carbone et al.Pub. in Antibiotics 2021, 10, 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060746. 2021. Italy.
  • Could microalgae-derived antiviral compounds combat SARS CoV-2 and other viruses? by Liji Thomas, MD. 2021. India.
  • Calcium Spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina. by Hayashi et al. 1996. Pub. in Journal of Natural Products, 59, 83-87. Japan.
  • An extract from spirulina is a selective inhibitor of herpes simples virus Type 1. by Hayashi et al. 1993. Japan.
  • Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. by Zhang Cheng-Wu, et al.. April 1994. Nanjing Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. p.58. China.
  • Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary spirulina. by Hayashi, et al. June 1994. Kagawa Nutrition Univ. Japan. Pub. in Journal of Nutr. Science and Vitaminology. Japan.
  • Immune enhancement potential of spirulina in chickens. by M. Quereshi, et al. August 1994. Poultry Science Assoc. Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State, NC. Pub. in Journal of Poultry Science Vol 73, S.1. p. 46. USA.
  • Immunomodulary effects of spirulina supplementation in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. May 1995. North Carolina State. Pub. in Proc. of 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp 117-120. USA.
  • Immunostimulating activity of lipopolysaccharides from blue-green algae. by L. Besednova, et al. 1979. Pub. in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, Immunobiologii, 56(12) pp 75-79. Russia.
  • Inhibitive effect and mechanism of polysaccharide of spirulina on transplanted tumor cells in mice. by Lisheng, et al. 1991.Pub. in Marine Sciences, Qingdao, N.5. pp 33-38. China.
  • Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.
  • Study on effect and mechanism of polysaccharides of spirulina on body immune function improvement. by G. Baojiang, et al. April 1994. South China Normal Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. pp 33-38. China.
  • Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. by Qishen, P. et al. 1988. Pub. in Chinese Genetics Journal, 15 (5) 374-381. China.

RADIATION PROTECTION AND IMMUNE IMPROVEMENT

  • The Potential Role of Spirulina in Protection Against Radiation and its Effects. by Amha Belay Ph.D. Mar 2011.
  • Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.
  • Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.
  • Spirulina- natural sorbent of radionucleides. by L.P. Loseva and I.V. Dardynskaya. Sep 1993. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. 6th Int’l Congress of Applied Algology, Czech Republic. Belarus.
  • Spirulina platensis and specialties to support detoxifying pollutants and to strengthen the immune system. by L.P. Loseva. Sep 1999. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. 8th Int’l Congress of Applied Algology, Italy. Belarus.

SULFOLIPID AND GLYCOLIPID ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY

  • Antiviral activity of cultured blue-green algae. by Gregory Patterson et al. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Phycology 29, 125-130. USA.
  • AIDS Antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). by K. Gustafson, et al. 1989. Pub. in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, August 16, 1989, pg 1254. USA.
  • Biotechnology & Utilization of Algae: The Indian Experience. by L.V. Venkataraman and E.W. Becker. 1985. Pub. by Sharada Press. Pg 114-115. Mangalore, India.
  • Glycolipids isolated from spirulina. by N. Kataoka, et al. 1983. Pub. in Agric. Biol. Chem. 47(10), 2349-2355. Japan.

WOMEN AND CHILDREN HEALTH BENEFITS

  • Maternal Protein Malnutrition: Current and Future Perspectives of Spirulina Supplementation in Neuroprotection by Shrstha Sinha et al. Pub. in Frontiers in Neuroscience 18 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00966.
  • Multiple micronutrient supplementation using spirulina platensis and infant growth, morbidity, and motor development: Evidence from a randomized trial in Zambia by Kazuya Masuda et al. 2019. PLoS ONE 14(2): e0211693. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211693.
  • Spirulina Supplementation in Pregnant Women in the Dakar Region (Senegal). by Khadim Niang, et al. 2017. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2017, 7, 147-154 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojog. ISSN Online: 2160-8806. ISSN Print: 2160-8792.
  • Spirulina Supplements Improved the Nutritional Status of Undernourished Children Quickly and Significantly: Experience from Kisantu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. by FrankFéfé Khuabi Matondo et al. 2017. Pub. in International Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 2016, Article ID 1296414, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1296414.
    • Spirulina as a daily nutritional supplement of young pre-school Cambodian children of deprived settings: a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. by Hubert Barennes et al. Pub. in Barennes et al. BMC Pediatrics. (2022) 22:701. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03766-5.
    • The Effect of Arthrospira platensis Capsules on CD4 T-Cells and Antioxidative Capacity in a Randomized Pilot Study of Adult Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Not under HAART in Yaoundé, Cameroon. by Frank Stephane Winter et al. Pub. in JNutrients 2014, 6, 2973-2986; Cameroon.