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Earth Food

Earth Food Spirulina

Foreword

Invocation

Introduction

1. Rediscovery of Spirulina

2. A nutrient rich super food

3. Self-care programs

4. New health research

5. Products around the world

6. How spirulina is ecologically grown

7. Environmental advantages

8. Spirulina in the developing world

9. Role in restoring our planet

Procession

A: Quality and Safety Standards

B: The Origins of Earthrise

Bibliography and References

© 2000 Robert Henrikson, Ronore Enterprises, Inc.

     Earth Food Spirulina
Bibliography
and References
(updated Nov 15, 1999)

1. Rediscovery of a 3.5 billion year old lifeform

  1. Lovelock, James. The Ages of Gaia. W.W. Norton&Co;., NY, 1988, p. 74.
  2. Lovelock, p. 81.
  3. Lovelock, p. 115.
  4. Lovelock, p. 96.
  5. Lovelock, p. 116.
  6. Swimme, Brian. The Universe is a Green Dragon. Bear & Company, Santa Fe, NM, 1984, p. 137-8.
  7. Kavaler, Lucy. Green Magic: Algae Rediscovered. Thomas Crowell, NY, 1983, p. 99-101.
  8. Kavaler, p. 109-110.
  9. Kavaler, p. 95-97.
  10. Jassby, Alan. Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 152.
  11. Jassby, p. 153.
  12. Ciferri, Orio. Spirulina, the Edible Organism. Microbio. Reviews, Dec. 1983, p. 572.
  13. Ciferri, p. 578.
  14. Switzer, Larry. Spirulina, The Whole Food Revolution. Bantam, NY, 1982, p. 12.  

2. A nutrient rich super food for super health

  1. FDA Talk Paper, No. 41,160, June 23, 1981, US Food and Drug Admin.
  2. Jassby, Alan. Nutritional and Therapeutic Properties of Spirulina. Proteus Corp, 1983.
  3. Switzer, Larry. Spirulina, The Whole Food Revolution. Bantam, NY, 1982, p. 22.
  4. Jassby, Alan. Nutritional and Therapeutic Properties of Spirulina. Proteus Corp., 1983.
  5. The Complete Book of Vitamins and Minerals for Health. ed. by Prevention Magazine. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, 1988, p. 149.
  6. Jassby, Alan. Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press,1988, p. 158.
  7. Jassby, Alan. Nutritional and Therapeutic Properties of Spirulina. Proteus Corp. 1983.
  8. Kataoka, N. and Misaki, A. Glycolipids isolated from spirulina maxima. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47 (10), 2349-2355, 1983.
  9. Venkataraman, L.V. and Becker, E.W. Biotechnology & Utilization of Algae- The Indian Experience. Sharada Press, Mangalore, India, 1985, p 114-115.
  10. Challem, Jack Joseph. Spirulina. A Good Health Guide. Keats Publishing, New Canaan CT, 1981, p. 15.
  11. Challem, p. 13.
  12. Shimamatsu, H. Personal communication, May 8, 1989.  

3. Self-care programs with clean green energy

  1. Switzer, Larry. Spirulina, The Whole Food Revolution. Bantam, NY, 1982.
  2. Beasley, Sonia. The Spirulina Cookbook: Recipes for Rejuvenating the Body. University of the Trees Press, Boulder Creek, CA, 1981.
  3. Howard, Saundra, Dr. The Spirulina Diet. Lyle Stuart, Secacus NJ, 1982.
  4. Byrne, Kevin, MD. Cut Your Cholesterol- Now! Self Care, Nov.-Dec. 1988, p. 27-31.
  5. Mckenna, Jeffrey and Shea, John. Americans are beginning to get NCI's cancer prevention message. FDA Consumer, Apr.1988, p. 22.
  6. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1982.
  7. Switzer, Larry. Spirulina, The Whole Food Revolution. Bantam Books, NY, 1982, p. 39.
  8. Hills, Christopher, Phd. Rejuvenating the Body Through Fasting With Spirulina Plankton. Univ. of the Trees, Boulder Creek, CA, 1979, p. 9.
  9. Hills, p. 22.
  10. Switzer, Larry. Spirulina, The Whole Food Revolution. Bantam, NY, 1982, p. 40.
  11. Gray, Robert. The Colon Health Handbook. New Health Through Colon Regeneration. 11th Ed. Emerald Publishing, PO Box 11830, Reno NV, 1986, p. 13.
  12. Gray, p. 36-7.
  13. Gray, p. 40.
  14. Spirulina: For a high intensity workout. Flex, Sep. 1984, p. 61.
  15. Bellows, Robert. Spirulina: Nature's Magic Algae. Muscle and Fitness, 1983, p 83-4.
  16. Garcia, A.M. Spirulina makes me ten times stronger, like spinach for Popeye. Gramme International. Sep. 96. p. 11.
  17. Spirulina & Pregnancy. Body & Soul. Vol. VIII, No.13, p. 8.
  18. Spirulina for Nursing Mothers. Ballarpur Industries, Ltd., Thapur House, 124, Janpath, New Delhi, India.
  19. Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc. Customer Survey, 1988.
  20. Nutrition of the Future: Foods that Fight Aging. Business Week, Oct. 9, 1988, 125-6.  

4. New research reveals health benefits

    Latest scientific research:
    Effects on AIDS virus, cancer and the immune system
  1. Ayehunie, S., Belay, A. et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of spirulina (arthospira platensis). 7th IAAA Conference, Knysna, South Africa, April 17,1996.
  2. Hayashi, T. et al. Calcium Spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga spirulina. Am. Chemical Soc. and Am. Soc. of Pharmacognosy. Journal of Natural Products, 1996. Vol 59, No. 1, p. 83-87.
  3. Hayashi, K. et al. An extract from spirulina is a selective inhibitor of herpes simplex virus Type 1 penetration into HeLa cells. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 7, p.76-80, 1993.
  4. Hayashi, O. et al. Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary spirulina. J. of Nutritional Sciences and Vitaminology, 40, p. 431-441, 1994.
  5. Belay, A., Ota, Y. et al. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. Journal of Applied Phycology. 1993. 5:235-241.
  6. Carmichael, W. et al. The toxins of cyanobacteria. Scientific American, Jan. 1995.

    Cholesterol reduction

  7. Nayaka, N. et al. Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. Tokai Univ, Japan. Nutrition Reports Int'l, June 1988, Vol 37, No. 6, 1329-1337. Nakaya, N. Effect of spirulina on reduction of serum cholesterol. Tokai Univ. Progress in Med. Nov. 1986, Vol 6, No. 11.
  8. Becker, E.W. et al. Clinical and biochemical evaluations of spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. Inst. Chem. Pfanz. Nutrition Reports International, April 1986, Vol. 33, No. 4, p. 565.
  9. Devi, M.A. and Venkataraman, L.V. Hypocholesterolemic effect of blue-green algae spirulina platensis in albino rats. Nutrition Reports International, 1983, 28:519-530.
  10. Kato, T. and Takemoto, K. Effects of spirulina on hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in rats. Saitama Med. College, Japan. Japan Nutr Foods Assoc. Jour. 1984, 37:321.
  11. Iwata, K. et al. Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1990, 36:165-171.

    Natural beta carotene and cancer prevention

  12. Peto, R. et al. Can dietary beta carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature, 1981, 290:201-208.
  13. Shekelle, R.B. et al. Dietary Vitamin A and risk of cancer in the Western Electric study. Lancet, 1981, 8257: 1185-1189.
  14. Menkes, et al. Serum beta carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. Johns Hopkins. N.E. Journal of Medicine, Nov. 1986, p. 1250.
  15. Blot, William. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Sept. 15, 1993.
  16. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1982.
  17. Ben Amotz, A. Presentation to Polysaccharides from microalgae workshop, Duke University, 1987.

    Anti-cancer tumor effects

  18. Schwartz, J., Scklar, G., Suda, D. Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. Harvard School of Dental Med. Carcinogenesis, May 1986, 7(5) 711-715.
  19. Schwartz, J., Scklar, G., Suda, D. Growth, inhibition and destruction of oral cancer cells by extracts from spirulina. Cancer & Nutrition, 6/88.
  20. Babu, M. et al. Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with spirulina. Nutrition and Cancer V. 24, No. 2, p.197-202, 1995.

    Phycocyanin enhances the immune system

  21. Iijima, N., Shimamatsu, H., et al. (inventors; Dainippon Ink & Chemicals assignee). Anti-tumor agent and method of treatment therewith. US patent pending, ref. P1150-726-A82679, App. 15 Sep. 1982.
  22. Dainippon Ink & Chemicals and Tokyo Kenkyukai (inventors and assignee). Anti-tumoral agents containing phycobilin- also used to treat ulcers and hemorrhoidal bleeding. 1983, JP 58065216 A 830418.
  23. Zhang Cheng-Wu, et. al. Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. Second Asia-Pacific Conf. Ibid, April, 1994.

    Polysaccharides enhance the immune system

  24. Besednova, T. et. al. Immunostimulating activity of lipopolysaccharides in blue-green algae. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, Immunobiologii, 56 (12), p. 75-79. 1979.
  25. Baojiang, G. et. al. Study on effect and mechanism of Polysaccharides of spirulina on body immune function improvement. Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology. Singapore, April, 1994, p. 24.
  26. Zhang Cheng-Wu, et. al. Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. Second Asia Pacific Conf. Ibid, April, 1994.
  27. Qishen, P. et. al. Endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. Acta Genetica Sinica (Chinese J. of Genetics). V.15(5) p. 374-381. 1988.
  28. Lisheng, L. et. al. Inhibitive effect and mechanism of polysaccharide of spirulina on transplanted tumor cells in mice. Marine Sciences, Qindao, China. N.5, 1991, p.33-38.
  29. Qureshi, M. et al. Spirulina extract enhances chicken macrophage functions after in vitro exposure. J. Nutritional Immunology, V.3(4) 1995, p. 35-45.
  30. Qureshi, M. et al. Dietary spirulina enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 1996.
  31. Qureshi, M. et al. spirulina exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in cats. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 1996.
  32. Belay, A., Henson, R., Ota, Y. Potential Pharmaceutical Substances from Aquaculturally Produced Spirulina. Earthrise Farms, Calipatria CA. Presented to World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans. Jan. 1994.

    Sulfolipids stop the AIDS virus

  33. Gustafson K, et al. AIDS-Antiviral sufolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Journal of the National Cancer Institute, August 16, 1989, p 1254.
  34. Kataoka, N. and Misaki, A. Glycolipids isolated from spirulina maxima: structure and fatty acid composition. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47 (10), 2349-2355, 1983.
  35. Venkataraman, L.V. and Becker, E.W. Biotechnology & Utilization of Algae- The Indian Experience. Sharada Press, Mangalore, India, 1985, p 114-115.
  36. Boyd, M, Gustafson, K. et al. Cyanovirin-N, a novel HIV-inactivating protein that targets viral GP120. Am. Soc. of Pharmacognosy, UC Santa Cruz. July 27-31, 1996.

    Reduces kidney poisons from mercury and drugs

  37. Yamane, Y. The effect of spirulina on nephrotoxicity in rats. Presented at Annual Sym. of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Apr. 15, 1988, Chiba Univ, Japan.
  38. Fukino, H. et al. Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. Eisei Kagaku. 1990, 36:5.
    38A. Morita, T. et al. Effect of chlorella, spirulina and chlorophyllin on fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. Fukuouka Institute. Japan Journal Toxicity and Environmental Health. 1997. 43 (1) 42-47.

    Effects against diabetes and hypertension

  39. Takai, Y. et al. Effect of water soluble and insoluble fractions of spirulina over serum lipids and glucose resistance of rats. J. Jap. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci. 1991, 44: 273-277.
  40. Iwata, K. et al. Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1990, 36:165-171.

    Builds healthy lactobacillus

  41. Tokai, Y., et al. Effects of spirulina on caecum content in rats. Chiba Hygiene College Bulletin (Japan), Feb. 1987, Vol. 5, no. 2.
  42. Archer, D.L. and Glinsmann, W.H. Intestinal infection and malnutrition initiate AIDS. US FDA. Nutrition Research, 1985. 5:19-19. Archer, D.L. and Glinsmann, W.H. Enteric infections and other cofactors in AIDS. Immunology Today, 1985, Vol. 6, no.10.

    Wound healing and antibiotic effects

  43. Clement, G. et al. (inventors; Institute Francais de Petrol, assignee.) Wound treating medicaments containing algae. Fr. M. 5279 (Int. Cl. A61k), 11 Sep. 1967.
  44. Yoshida, R. (inventor). Spirulina hydrolyzates for cosmetic packs. Japan. Kokai 77 31, 838 (Int. Cl. A61k7100), 10 Mar. 1977.
  45. Martinez-Nadal, N.G. Antimicrobial activity of spirulina. Paper presented at X Intl Cong. of Microbiology, Mexico City, Aug. 1970.
  46. Jorjani, G., Amirani, P. Antibacterial activities of spirulina platensis. Maj. Iimy Puz. Danisk.Jundi Shap, 1978, 1:14-18.

    Benefits for malnourished children

  47. Ramos Galvan, R. Clinical experimentation with spirulina. Colloque sur la valeur nutritionelle des algues spirulines, Rueill, May 1973. Nat. Inst. of Nutrition, Mexico City.
  48. Sautier, C. and Tremolieres, J. Food value of spirulina in humans. Ann. Nutrition Alim, 1976, 30:517-534. (French).
  49. Fox, Ripley D. Integrated village health and energy system, Farende, Togo. April 4, 1986 letter. Fox, R. D. Algoculture: Spirulina, hope for a hungry world. Pub. by Edisud, Aix-en Provence, France, 1986.
  50. Seshadri, C.V. Large Scale Nutritional Supplementation with spirulina alga. All India Project. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras. 1993.
  51. Annapurna, V. et al. Bioavailability of spirulina carotenes in preschool children. National Institute of Nutrition. Hyderabad, India. J. Clin. Biochem Nutrition. 10 p. 145-151. 1991.
  52. Fica, V. et al. Observations on the utilization of spirulina as an adjuvant nutritive factor in treating some diseases accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. Clinica II Medicala, Spitalui Clinic Municipiului, Bucuresti. Med Interna 36 (3), 1984.
  53. Miao Jian Ren. Spirulina in Jiangxi China. Academy of Agricultural Science, Jiangxi province, China. Paper presented at Soc. Appl. Algology, Lille, France, Sep. 1987.
  54. Yonghuang, W. et al. The study on curative effect of zinc containing spirulina for zinc deficient children. Shenzhen Blue-Green Algal Biotech. Corp, Guangdong. Capital Medical College, Beijing, 5th Int'l Phycological Congress, Qingdao, China. June 1994.

    Iron bioavailability and correction of anemia

  55. Johnson P., Shubert, E. Availability of iron to rats from spirulina, a blue-green alga. Nutrition Research, 1986, Vol. 6, 85-94.
  56. Takemoto, K. Iron transfer from spirulina to blood in rats. Saitama Medical College, Japan, 1982.
  57. Takeuchi, T. Clinical experiences of administration of spirulina to patients with hypochronic anemia. Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., Japan, 1978.
    57A.Trojacanec, Z. et al. Influence of extensive training on the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level and its correction. Inst. for Physiology, Skopje, Macedonia. XXIV FIMS World Congress of Sports Medicine, June 1998.

    GLA and prostaglandin stimulation

  58. Jassby, Alan. Nutritional and Therapeutic Properties of Spirulina. Proteus Corp. 1983.
  59. Tudge, C. Why we could all need the evening primrose. New Scientist, Nov. 1981, 506:23.
  60. Kunkel, S.L. et al. Suppression of chronic inflammation by evening primrose oil. Progress in Lipids, 1982, Vol. 20, p. 885-888.
  61. Kernoff, P.B.A, et al. Antithrombotic potential of DGLA in man. British Med. Journal, 1977, 2:1441-1444.
  62. Vadaddi, K.S., Horrobin, D.F. Weight loss produced by evening primrose oil administration. IRSC Med. Sci., 1979, 7:52.
  63. Huang, Y.S. et al. Most biological effects of zinc deficiency corrected by GLA. Atheroscelosis, 1982, 41:193-208.
  64. Horrobin, D.F. The possible roles of prostaglandin E1 and of essential fatty acids in mania, depression and alcoholism. Progress in Lipids, 1981. Vol 20, 539-541. Horrobin, D.F. Loss of delta-6-desaturase activity as a key factor in aging. Med Hypotheses, 1981, 7:1211-1220.
  65. Passwater, R.A. Evening Primrose Oil. Keats Publishing Co. New Canaan, CT, 1981.
  66. Lopez-Romero, D. Gamma linolenic acid as a base of treatment for infirmities with evening primrose oil and spirulina. Med. Holistica, Madrid, Spain, 12 Oct. 1987.
  67. Hudson and Karlis. The lipids of the alga spirulina. J. Sci Food Agric., 1974, 25: 759.
  68. Nichols, B., Wood, B. The occurrence and biosynthesis of gamma linolenic acid in spirulina platensis. Lipids, 1986, Vol 3, No. 1, 46-50.
  69. Roughhan, P. Grattan. Spirulina: A source of dietary gamma-linolenic acid? J. Sci. Food Agric., 1989, 47, 85-93.

    Weight loss research

  70. Becker, E.W. et al. Clinical and biochemical evaluations of the alga spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. Inst. Chem. Pfanzenphysiologie. Nutrition Reports International, April 1986, Vol. 33, No 4, 565.

    Reduces effects of radiation

  71. Loseva, L.P. and Dardynskaya, I.V. Spirulina- natural sorbent of radionucleides. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. Presented at the 6th Intl Congress of Applied Algology, Czech Republic, Sep. 9, 1993.
  72. Sokolovskiy, V. Correspondence from the First Secretary BSSR Mission to the United Nations, May 20, 1991.
  73. Belookaya, T. Correspondence from the Chairman of Byelorussian Committee "Children of Chernobyl" May 31, 1991.
  74. Qishen, P. et. al. Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina platensis in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. Toxicology letters. 1989. 48:165-169.
  75. Evets, P. et. al. Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement spirulina. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Commitee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994.
  76. Loseva, L.P. Spirulina platensis and specialties to support detoxifying pollutants and to strengthen the immune system. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. Presented at 8th Int'l Congress of Applied Algology, Italy Sep. 1999. 

5. The variety of products around the world

  1. A safe diet pill, You'll never go hungry. National Enquirer, June 1, 1981.
  2. Henson, R. Spirulina: Health food for the Aquarium. Freshwater and Marine Aquarium. 1993. p 70-72.
  3. Henson, R. Spirulina algae improves Japanese fish feeds. Aquaculture Magazine. Nov/Dec 1990. V. 6 N.6. p 38-43.
  4. Henson, R. Spirulina and Wheatgrass: Super-Foods for birds. American Cage-Bird Magazine. April, 1993. p. 48-51.
  5. Qureshi, M. et al. Immune enhancement potential of spirulina platensis in chickens. Dept. of Poultry Science, NC State Univ. Raleigh NC. Poultry Sci. Assoc, Aug. 1994.
  6. Linablue-A (Natural blue colorant of spirulina origin) Technical Information. Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan, 1985.
  7. Kronik, M. and Grossman, P. Immunoassay techniques with fluorescent phycobiliprotein conjugates. Clin Chem., 1983, 29:9,1582-86.
  8. A better way to track diseases. Chemical Week, August 31, 1985.
  9. Kawamura, M. et al. 1986. A new restriction enzyme from spirulina platensis. Nucleic Acids Research, 1986, Vol. 14, No. 5.
  10. Shimamatsu, Hidenori. Personal communication, 1988.
  11. Belay, A., Ota, Y. et al. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. Journal of Applied Phycology. 1993. 5:235-241.  

6. How spirulina is ecologically grown

  1. Belay, A., Ota, Y. et al. Production of high quality spirulina at Earthrise Farms. Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotech. Phang et al. eds. Univ. of Malaysia, 1994.
  2. Ding-Mei Li & Yu-Zao Qi. Spirulina Industry in China: Present Status and future prospects. Journal of Applied Phycology 9: 25-28, 1997.
  3. Yuan-Kun Lee. Commercial production of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific rim. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29 Oct 1997.
  4. Tredici, M. et. al. Novel photobioreactors for the mass cultivation of spirulina. Spirulina, Algae of Life. Bulletin de l'Institute Ocean. Monaco. N. special 12. April 1993.
  5. Tomaselli, L et. al. Physiology of stress response in Spirulina. Spirulina, Algae of Life.
  6. Microalgae S.p.a. Contrada Caselle. 74012 Crispiano (Ta) Italy. www.microalgae.it.
  7. Addavita Ltd. Clay Cross Chesterfield Derbyshire S45 9NU UK. www.addavita.com.
  8. Philippe Calamand, La Capitelle, 34700 Villecun, France. 

7. Resource advantages and world food politics

  1. LappŽ, Frances Moore. Diet For a Small Planet. Ballantine, N.Y, 1982, p. 85.
  2. LappŽ, pg. 76.
  3. Rediscovering Planet Earth. U.S. News and World Report. Oct 31, 1988, pg. 68.
  4. Rainforest Action Network. 300 Broadway #28, San Fran, CA 94133.
  5. LappŽ, Frances Moore. Diet For a Small Planet. Ballantine Books, N.Y, 1982.
  6. Robbins, John. Diet for a New America. Stillpoint Publishing, Walpole, NH, 1988.
  7. Repetto, Robert, et. al. Wasting Assets. Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts. World Resources Institute. 1989.
  8. California's thirstiest crops. Water Education Foundation. S.F. Chronicle, March 4, 1991.
  9. Grantham, Richard. Seeking a biological solution for the greenhouse dilemma. Institut d'Evolution Moleculaire, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon. Villeurbanne cedex, France, 1988.
  10. Ota, Yochimichi. Earthrise Farms. Personal communication, 1988.
  11. Antidote for a smokestack. Time Magazine. Oct. 24, 1988, p. 72.
  12. Wolf, Edward C. Beyond the Green Revolution: New Approaches for Third World Agriculture. Worldwatch 73, Washington DC,1986, p. 9.
  13. Gardner, Gary. Asia is losing ground. Worldwatch. Nov/Dec. 1996. Washington DC,1986, p. 20-21.
  14. An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy. World Resources Institute, Basic Books, New York, 1988, p. 4.
  15. LappŽ, F.M and Collins, J. Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1977.
  16. The Hunger Project, 2015 Steiner St. San Francisco, CA, 94115.
  17. Higgins, et. al. Potential population supporting capacities of lands in the developing world. Technical Report of Project FPA/INT/513. FAO, United Nations, Rome, 1983.
  18. Postel, Sandra. Land's End. Worldwatch , May-June 1989, p. 13.
  19. Gardner, Gary. Asia is losing ground. Worldwatch. Nov/Dec. 1996. Washington DC,1986, p. 19.  

8. Spirulina in the developing world

  1. U.N. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Correspondance. June 8, 1993.
  2. Switzer, Larry. Spirulina- The Whole Food Revolution. Bantam, NY, 1982, p.115-116.
  3. Association Pour Combattre la Malnutrition par Algoculture (ACMA). A non-profit organization. 34190 St. Bauzille-de-Putois, France.
  4. Fox, Ripley D. Algoculture: Spirulina, hope for a hungry world. Edisud, Aix-en Provence, France, 1986. (in French)
  5. Fox, Ripley D. 1984. Spirulina- the alga that can end malnutrition. Futurist, Feb. 1985.
  6. Seshadri, C.V. Large Scale Nutritional Supplementation with spirulina alga. All India Project. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras. 1993.
  7. Seshadri, C.V. and Jeeji Bai, N. Spirulina Nat. Sym.. MCRC, Madras, India 1992.
  8. Becker, E.W. Development of Spirulina Research in India. Spirulina, Algae of Life. Bulletin de l'Institute Oceanographique. Monaco. N. Special 12. April 1993. p 141-155.
  9. Min Thein. Production of Spirulina in Myanmar. Spirulina, Algae of Life. Bulletin de l'Institute Oceanographique. Monaco. N. Special 12. April 1993. p 175-178.
  10. Fox, Denise. Health Benefits of Spirulina. Algae of Life. Bulletin de l'Institute Ocean. Monaco. N. Special 12. April 1993. p 179-186
  11. Nguyen Lan Dinh. 1990. In Fox, Denise. Health Benefits of Spirulina. p 183.
  12. Bucaille, P. 1990. In Fox, Denise . Health Benefits of Spirulina. p 183.
  13. Picard, M.E. 1993. In Fox, Denise. Health Benefits of Spirulina. p 182.
  14. Brouillat, E. 1993. In Fox, Denise. Health Benefits of Spirulina. p 182.  

9. Microalgae's role in restoring our planet

  1. Kavaler, Lucy. Green Magic: Algae Rediscovered. Thomas Crowell, NY, 1983, p. 60.
  2. Oguchi, Mitsuo, et al. Food production and gas exchange system using blue-green algae (spirulina). National Aerospace Laboratory, Chofu, Japan. COSPAR, July, 1986.
  3. Macelroy, R.D. and Smernoff, D.T. Controlled ecological life support systems. Proceedings of 26th COSPAR. Toulouse France, July, 1986. NASA TM 88215, 1987.
  4. Robinson, K. S. A Colony in the sky. Mission to Mars. Time, Sept. 23, 1996. p.49.
  5. Todd, Nancy Jack and Todd, John. Bioshelters, Ocean Arks and City Farming. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1984, p. 118.
  6. Todd, p. 155.
  7. Fox, Ripley. Spirulina, production & potential. Edisud. Aix-en-Provence, France. 1996.
  8. Jourdan, Jean-Paul. Cultivez Votre Spiruline - Manuel de Culture Artisanale de la Spiruline. 1999. Pub. by Antenna Technologie. To order: Jean-Paul Jordan, Le Castanet, Mialet, 30140 Anduz, France. Fax: 33 4 66 85 02 39.
    (Read it Free Online - in French)
  9. Jassby, Alan. Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. Algae and Human Affairs, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, p. 171.
  10. Fox, Ripley. Spirulina, production & potential. Edisud. Aix-en-Provence, France. 1996.
  11. Blue-green algae for rice production. FAO of the U.N. FAO Soils Bulletin. Rome, 1981.
  12. Metting, Blaine. Micro-algae in agriculture. Micro-Algal Biotechnology, ed. by Bororwitzka. Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, U.K., 1988.
  13. Grantham, Richard. Seeking a biological solution for the greenhouse dilemma. Institut d'Evolution Moleculaire, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon, Villeurbanne cedex, France.1988.
  14. Perlman, David. Scientists turn ocean into green new world. San Francisco. Chronicle, Oct. 10, 1996, p. A2
  15. Lovelock, James. The Ages of Gaia. W.W. Norton & Co. Inc., N.Y. 1988, p. 179.
  16. Carol Cone, Cone Comm. Cone/Roper Survey. Business for Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility. 1030 15th St. NW, Washington, DC. April, 1994.
  17. Capra, Fritjof. The Web of Life. Anchor Books Doubleday. New York 1996.
  18. Hawken, Paul, Amory & L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism. Little Brown, NY. 1999. http://www.natcap.org.  

Appendix A: Quality and safety standards

  1. Delpeuch, F. et. al. Consumption as food and nutritional composition of blue-green algae among populations in the Kanem region of Chad. Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 29, 497-516. 1976.
  2. Institut Francais du Petrol. Rapport ou Comite Consultatif des Proteines OAA/ OMS/ FISE- Etat d'Avancement du Procede IFP de Production d'algues Dec 1970, p. 11.
  3. Fadoul, L. Les algues bleues du Kanem. Rapport de mission par L. Fadoul, A. Avrem et G. Le Guedes (experts de la division de la nutrition, FAO) Juin 1971.
  4. Takemoto, K. Subacute toxicity study with rats. Saitama Medical College, Japan, 1982.
  5. Atatsuka, K. Acute toxicity and general pharmacological studies. Meiji College of Pharmacy, Japan,1979.
  6. Chamorro-Cevallos, G. Toxicological research on the alga spirulina. UNIDO, 24 Oct. 1980, UF/MEX/78/048. (French)
  7. Becker, W. E., Vanattaraman, L.V. et al. Production and utilization of the blue-green algae Spirulina in India. Biomass, 4, 105-125, 1984.
  8. Chamorro, G. et al. Subchronic toxicity study in rats fed Spirulina. J. de Pharmacie de Belgique 43, 29-36, 1988.
  9. Salazar, M., Chamorro, G. et al. Effect of spirulina consumption on reproduction and peri- and postnal development in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicity 34, 353-359. 1996.
  10. Waslein, C. et al. Uric acid levels in men fed algae and yeast as protein sources. J. Food. Sci. 1970, 35, 294-8.
  11. Jassby, Alan. Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. Algae and Human Affairs, Cambridge Univ Press, 1988, p. 159.
  12. Boudene, C. et al. Evaluation of long term toxicity on rats with spirulina. Ann Nutr. Aliment., 1976, 30: 577-588.
  13. Til, H.P, and Williams, M. Sub-chronic toxicity study with dried algae in rats. Cent. Inst. for Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, Ned., 1971.
  14. Fevrier, C. and Seve, B. Incorporation of spirulina into pig diets. Ann. Nur. Aliment., 1976, 29: 625-30 (French).
  15. Earthrise Farms. Five year testing of heavy metals in spirulina, 1983-1987. 1988.
  16. Carmichael, W.W. The toxins of Cyanobacteria. Sci. American, Jan. 1994, p. 78-86.
  17. An, J., and Carmichael, W.W. Technical Booklet for the Microalgae Biomass Industry: Detection of microcystins and nodularins using an enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphate inhibition assay (PPIA). Dept. Bio. Sci. Wayne State Univ, Dayton OH. July 1996.
     

Resource guide

    Spirulina (selected references)
  • Belay, A., Ota, Y., Miyakawa, K., and Shimmatsu, H. Production of high quality spirulina at Earthrise Farms. Phang et al. Algal Biotech in Asia-Pacific Region, p. 92-102. 1994.
  • Fox, Ripley D. Spirulina, production and potential.1996. To order: Editions Edisud, La Calade, R.N.7, 13090 Aix-en-Provence, France. Fax: 33 42 21 56 20.
  • Laboratoire de la Roquette. c/o Dr. Ripley D. Fox, 34190 St. Bauzille-de-Putois, France.
  • Richmond, Amos. Spirulina. Micro-Algal Biotechnology. ed. by Borowitska. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1988.
  • Vonshak, A. and Richmond A. Mass Production of the blue-green algae spirulina: an overview. Biomass, 1988, p. 233-247.
  • Jassby, Alan. Some public health aspects of microalgal products. Algae and Human Affairs, ed. by Lembi and Waaland. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, p. 181-202.
  • Venkataraman, L.V. and Becker, E.W. Biotechnology & Utilization of Algae- The Indian Experience. Sharada Press, Mangalore, India.

    Other References

  • Hawken, Paul, Amory & L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism. Little Brown, NY. 1999.
  • Hawken, Paul. The Ecology of Commerce. Harper Collins, New York. 1993.
  • Capra, Fritjof. The Web of Life. Anchor Books Doubleday. New York 1996.
  • Ausubel, Kenny. Seeds of Change: The Living Treasure. Harper San Francisco. 1994.
  • Ausubel, Kenny. Restoring the Earth. H.J.Kramer Tiburon, CA. 1997.
  • Nattrass B & Altomare M. The Natural Step for Business. New Society BC Canada. 1999.
  • Wilson, Edward O. The Diversity of Life. W.W. Norton, New York. 1992.
  • Utne Reader Magazine. Minneapolis, MN.
  • Worldwatch Institute. State Of The World. 1993. W.W. Norton & Company. NY, 1993.
  • WorldWatch Magazine. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC 20036.
  • World Resources Yearbook. World Resources Inst., Basic Books, NY, 1993.
  • Food First. Institute for Food and Development Policy, 145 Ninth St., San Francisco, CA.
  • National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 40 West 20th St., New York, NY 10011.
  • Greenpeace, 1436 U Street N.W., PO Box 3720, Washington, DC 20007.
  • Conservation International, 1015 18th Street, N.W., Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20036.
  • Rainforest Action Network, 221 Pine Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104.
  • The Hunger Project. Ending Hunger: An Idea Whose Time Has Come. Praeger, NY, 1985.
  • Gaia, An Atlas of Planet Management. ed by Dr. Norman Myers. Anchor Books,
  • Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1984.
  • Swimme Brian&Berry, Thomas. The Universe Story. Harper, San Francisco, 1992.
  • Berry, Thomas. The Dream of the Earth. Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1988.
© 2000 Robert Henrikson, Ronore Enterprises, Inc.
 
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